2 of the most accurate ways to calculate your daily caloric needs

As promised, here are more accurate ways to calculate your calorie requirements per day.
So let's continue!

Equations based on BMR.


A very accurate method for calculating Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE) is to determine
basal metabolic rate (BMR) first, then multiply the BMR by an activity factor to determine TDEE.
There are two formulas you can use to calculate your BMR. The Harris-Benedict formula is the
one you will use if you don’t know your LBM (you don’t need body composition information to
use this formula). If you know your LBM, you should use the Katch Mcardle formula for the most
accurate result.


The Harris-Benedict formula (BMR based on total body weight)


This formula uses the factors of height, weight, age, and sex to determine basal metabolic rate
(BMR). This makes it more accurate than determining calorie needs based only on total
bodyweight. The only factor it doesn’t take into account is lean body mass. This equation will be
very accurate in everyone else but the extremely muscular (underestimates caloric needs) and the
extremely overfat people (overestimates caloric needs).

Men: BMR = 66 + (13.7 X wt in kg) + (5 X ht in cm) - (6.8 X age in years)
Women: BMR = 655 + (9.6 X wt in kg) + (1.8 X ht in cm) - (4.7 X age in years)

Example:
You are male
You are 30 yrs old
Your height 173 cm
Your weight 78 kilos
Your BMR = 66 + 1068 + 865 - 204 = 1795 calories/day
Now once you know your BMR, you can calculate daily caloric needs by multiplying your BMR
by the following activity factor.

Activity factor

Sedentary = BMR X 1.2 (little or no exercise, desk job)
Lightly active = BMR X 1.375 (light exercise/sports 1-3 days/wk)
Mod. active = BMR X 1.55 (moderate exercise/sports 3-5 days/wk)
Very active = BMR X 1.725 (hard exercise/sports 6-7 days/wk)
Extr. Active = BMR X 1.9 (hard daily exercise/sports & physical job or
2 X day training, marathon, football camp, contest, etc.)

Continuing with the previous example:

Your BMR is 1795 calories per day
Your activity level is moderately active (work out 3-4 times per week)
Your activity factor is 1.55
Your TDEE = 1.55 X 1795 = 2782 calories/day


Katch-McArdle formula (BMR based on lean body weight)


The Harris-Benedict formula also has separate methods for calculating the needs of men and women because men usually have a higher lean body mass and a larger bodies. Since the Katch-McArdle
formula accounts for LBM, this single formula applies equally to both men and women and it is the
most accurate method of determining your daily calorie needs.

BMR (men and women) = 370 + (21.6 X lean mass in kg)

Example:
You are male
Your weight 78 kilos
Your body fat percentage is 14% (10,9 kgs fat, 67,1 kgs lean)
Your lean mass is 67.1 kilos
Your BMR = 370 + (21.6 X 67.1) = 1819 calories

Again, to determine your daily calorie expenditure from BMR, you simply multiply BMR by the
activity factor:

Continuing with the previous example:
Your BMR is 1819
Your activity level is moderately active (you work out 3-4 times per week)
Your activity factor is 1.55
Your TDEE = 1.55 X 1819 = 2820 calories


As you can see, the difference in the TDEE as determined by both formulas is statistically
insignificant (2782 vs. 2820 calories) because the man we used as an example is average in
body size and body composition. The primary benefit of factoring LBM into the equation is
increased accuracy when your body composition leans to either end of the spectrum (very
muscular or very obese). This is yet another reason to monitor your body fat percentage and
not just your body weight.



Adjust your caloric intake according to your goal


Once you know your maintenance level, the next step is to adjust your calories according to your
primary goal. And as I established on my earlier post, the mathematics of weight control are simple:

1) To keep your weight at its current state, you should remain at your daily caloric maintenance level.

2) To lose weight, you need to create a calorie deficit by reducing your calories slightly below your
    maintenance level (or keeping your calories the same and increasing your activity above your
    current level).

3) To gain lean body weight, you must increase your calories above your maintenance level (and
    engage in a program of progressive resistance training).



How to adjust your calories for fat loss


Now, let’s talk about how many calories you should consume to lose body fat. A calorie deficit
that’s too large or maintained for too long, will eventually wake up the starvation response and
slow down your metabolism. Still, you must be in a calorie deficit if you want to lose fat. The secret
is to use just a small calorie reduction and to avoid those "magic diets" that advertise for extremely
large calorie reductions.

Body fat is nothing more than stored energy in our body. To release that energy, you must enter a
calorie deficient state. Calories not only count, they are the most important variable in a fat loss
program. Simply enough, if you eat more calories than you burn, you will not lose fat, no matter
what you’re eating or how much of training you’re doing. Some foods may get stored as fat more
easily than others because of the way they affect your hormones and blood sugar, but always
remember that too much of anything will get stored as body fat. You can never override the laws
of energy balance


In a kilo of stored body fat, there are 7700 calories. So in theory, if you create a 3800-calorie
deficit per week through diet, exercise or a combination of both, you will lose about 0,5 kgs.
If you created a 7700 calorie deficit in a week you will lose a full kilo. The calorie deficit can
be accomplished through diet, exercise or better yet, with a combination of both. And as we
already factored in the exercise deficit by using an activity multiplier, the deficit we are concerned
with here is the nutrition deficit.

The strictly mathematical model of calories in versus calories out doesn’t always work because of
the body’s weight regulating mechanism – also known as the starvation response. Nevertheless,
the mathematical model gives you a very good starting point, and as long as you follow the
8 strategies you learned in my earlier post, for avoiding the starvation mode, you will continue a
steady, permanent fat loss by using a small, temporary calorie deficit in conjunction with aerobic
exercise and weight training.

6 major factors affecting your calorie requirements

Your calorie requirements per day depends on six factors. The formulas for calorie calculations
I'm about to tell you take into notice of all six of these factors to get the most accurate estimate
possible.


1) Your basal metabolic rate (BMR)


BMR is the total number of calories your body burns for normal bodily functions, including
circulation, respiration, cell construction, digestion, temperature regulation and every other
metabolic process in your body. In short, your BMR is the total sum of all the energy used
for basic bodily functions, excluding physical activity.

Those basic functions usually make up the largest amount of your daily calorie consumption
 - about 2/3. BMR is at its lowest when  asleep,  and you’re not digesting anything.
It can also vary dramatically from person to person depending on genetics. We all probably
know someone who eats anything they want yet they never gain an ounce of fat. This type of
fast metabolism person has inherited a naturally high BMR.


2) Activities you do


Behind basal metabolic rate, your activity level is the second biggest factor in how many
calories you require daily. Simply, the more active you are, the more calories you burn.
Become more active and you'll burn much more calories. Sit on the couch all day long
and you hardly burn any.


3) Your weight


Total body weight and total body size are also major factors in the number of calories
you require. The bigger you are, the more calories you’ll require to keep your body going.


4) Your muscle mass (or lean body mass, LBM)


Total body weight follows with the number of calories you require, but sorting your total weight
into its lean and fat mass allows you to calculate your calorie needs even more accurately. The
higher your LBM, the higher your BMR will be.

This is a major factor when you want to lose body fat because it means the more muscle you
have, the more calories you will burn at rest. Muscle is metabolically active tissue, and it requires
very much energy to sustain it. The best way to increase your BMR is to increase your LBM. 
This is why you could say that weight training helps you lose body fat.



5) Your age


Metabolic rate slows down with age. Therefore, the number of calories you, as an average person,
require also goes down with age. Luckily, you can prevent and even reverse the age-related slowdown
in metabolism by developing more muscle through weight training and good nutrition.


6) Gender


Men usually need more calories than women. The average man has a maintenance level of 2800
calories per day. The average female requires only 2100 calories per day to maintain. The reason
for this difference is body weight and muscle mass differences between men and women; the average
man carries much more muscle mass than the average female and this explains the spread in calorie requirements between men and women. In exception are those genetically gifted individuals with
higher BMR.



Methods of determining caloric needs


There are many formulas you can use to determine your daily calorie needs using these six factors.
Any formula using lean body mass in the calculations will always be more accurate than one based
only on total bodyweight. However, even if you only have total body weight to work with, you can
still get a very accurate results.


The "quick" method (based on total bodyweight)


A fast and simple method to determine how many calories you need is to use your
total current weight times a multiplier for TDEE.

Fat loss = 26-28 calories per kg. of bodyweight
Maintenance (TDEE) = 33-35 calories per kg. of bodyweight
Weight gain = 40 to 44+ calories per kg of bodyweight

That is a very easy method to estimate caloric needs, but its most obvious flaws are not taking into
account your activity levels or body composition. If you’re extremely active, this formula underestimates
your calorie requirements.

Using this formula, a lightly active 50-year-old woman who weighs 105 kgs would have a TDEE
of about 3400 calories per day (105 X 33). Since almost all women will rapidly gain weight on
3000 calories per day, this illustrates another flaw in the quick formula – it will overestimate your
calories if your fat percentage is significantly higher than average.

Despite these drawbacks, the quick formula is a good way to get a quick ballpark
estimate, as long as your body fat is at an average level or below that.


On my next post I'll go more deeply in other methods of figuring out your caloric needs, whatever your
goals are. And regardless if these might come off as a little boring to you, don't still underestimate the importantness of this subject!
Keep going, until tomorrow!

The fundamental law of energy balance

My yesterdays post brings us to the law of energy balance; the granddaddy of all nutritional laws,
and the first fundamental you must understand and obey if you want to get super fit.

The law of energy balance establishes, that when you burn more calories than you consume, then
your body must use the stored fat for fuel to make up for the calorie deficit and you will lose fat.
And of course, the reverse is also true: If you consume more calories than you burn each day, you
will store the extra nutrients and gain fat (or when weight training, gain muscle).


The first natural outcome of the law of energy balance


There are two natural outcomes with the law of energy balance. The first outcome is that
too much of any food – even so-called “healthy” foods – will be stored as body fat. If you
consume more calories than you are burning each day, it doesn’t matter what you eat; you
will gain weight, usually in the form of body fat. When the calorie surplus is beyond what you
need for muscle growth, then all those extra calories will be converted into body fat.

There’s no such diet where you can “eat all you want” and lose weight and body fat by simply
eating one particular food, one food group or a special combination of foods – this is physiologically impossible. It’s also not wise to eat excessive amounts of calories (or protein) thinking that you’ll
gain more muscle that way. No diet program has any "metabolic advantage” that can override the
law of energy balance, no matter what combination of foods it prescribes.



The first natural outcome of the law of calorie balance

Too much of ANYTHING will get stored as fat - 
yes, even healthy foods.


The second natural outcome of the law of energy balance


The second outcome of the law of energy balance establishes, that if you are eating fewer calories
than you are burning each day (you’re in a calorie deficit), then even if you eat junk food, you won’t
store it as body fat.

But this should NOT be interpreted as a recommendation or a free license to eat anything you want
in small quantities because you can “get away with it.” Obviously calorie quality is also very important. However, knowledge of this allows you to relax your diet and enjoy some “cheat” foods from time to
time without feeling guilty about it, as long as you do it in moderation. In other words, you can have
your cake, and eat it too. But just don't eat the whole thing!




Outcome two of the law of calorie balance

Small amounts of anything - even junk food - will 
probably not get stored as fat if you are eating fewer 
calories than you burn up.


Pay attention to portion size and never stuff yourself at 
one sitting


The law of energy balance is the major law of fat loss you need to understand and follow if you
want to get lean. This law and its two outcomes override all other nutritional laws. I've seen many
people do almost everything right: they work out, choose the right foods and eat frequently. Yet
they're missing the most obvious factor of all: they simply eat too much calories!

Sometimes the only mistake keeping people from reaching their goals is failure to pay attention to
portion sizes they eat. Not every overweight person is an overeater. Some people hardly eat at all
and they still can’t lose weight, because of their bodytype. However, it's still the number one cause
why people are overweight, even though that might be the ONLY thing they’re doing wrong. Fat loss requires the discipline and willpower to control your portion sizes at all times.


The good rule to follow is to never stuff yourself in one sitting. Instead, always spread your calories throughout the day in smaller, more frequent meals. The benefits of small and frequent meals will be discussed in my later posts, but one of the major benefits is body fat reduction through portion control.



How to find out your caloric needs


Once you understand the importance and essence of calories, you’re ready to figure out how
many you actually need. The first step in designing your personal fat loss plan is to count the
total number of calories you are burning every day. This is known as your total daily energy
expenditure (TDEE). It's also known as your "maintenance level," because this is the level
where your calorie deposits are equal to your calorie withdrawals, as established on my
previous post.
.
TDEE is the total number of calories your body burns during 24 hours, including metabolic  rate
and all activities you do. Once you know your maintenance level, you will have a reference point
from which to start your plan.


Some typical calorie averages


Before I tell you how to calculate your own caloric needs, it is helpful to know the average
person’s calorie requirements. According to exercise physiologists, the average maintenance
level for women in the USA is 2000-2100 calories per day and the average for men is
2700-2900 per day.

Of course, these numbers are only averages. Actual caloric needs may vary widely and are much
higher for athletes or extremely active people. Some triathletes and cyclists for example may require
as many as 8000 calories per day just to maintain their weight! Endurance cyclists often eat energy
bars and high calorie carbohydrate drinks on the saddle, just to keep from losing weight every hour!

Calorie requirements can also vary among people with the same activity levels because of
differences in genetic metabolic rates.



Typical calorie averages for men and women:

For maintaining weight (TDEE):

Men (average): 2700-2900
Women (average): 2000-2100

For losing weight:

Men (average): 2200-2700
Women (average): 1400-1800

For gaining weight:

Men (average): 3200-4000+
Women (average): 2200-2500+


That's all for today, but tomorrow I'll tell you which 6 factors can affect your daily caloric needs, and an
simple way to roughly determine your calorie needs during the day!

The law of calorie balance - numbers behind fat loss

"Any discussion about optimal calorie intake is really a total waste of time - unless you are actually
counting the calories! Unless you have done this in writing, and over a significant period of time
(4-12 weeks), any discussion of this nature is purely academic. Don't kid yourself - get out your
diary, buy a calorie/nutrient counter book and do yourself a favor; get to really know what you are
doing - and more importantly - what the result of this specific combination is."


The Definition of a Calorie


You may hear many people talking about calories all the time, but when you would ask them to
explain exactly what a calorie is or tell you how many calories they consume and burn every day,
they wouldn’t have a clue. During this week, I will try to explain exactly what a calorie is , and
hopefully you too will be an expert on calories. You will learn exactly what calories are, how they
are stored in your body, how many you burn every day and how many you should eat to lose body
fat without losing muscle mass.

I’ll show you why it's important to count calories and you’ll learn  why guessing or counting only
some portions might be the only thing preventing you from getting fitter. I’ll also introduce you to
a simple method you can use to make calorie counting a quick and easy process. Best of all, I’ll
tell you the single most powerful method for fat loss ever developed. So let’s get started!


Let's begin with the definition of a calorie: The technical definition of a food calorie (kilocalorie) is
the amount of heat required to raise 1 liter of water 1 degree Centigrade. A calorie is simply a
measure of heat energy. When food is heated, it releases a certain amount of heat (energy),
depending on the type of food. The more calories that are in a food, the more energy will be
released when it is burned in your body. The word “calorie” is used interchangeably to describe
the amount of energy in food and the amount of energy stored in the body as body fat and glycogen
(stored carbohydrate).


Body fat is like a reserve storage tank for energy. When we speak of “burning off body fat” we
are talking about releasing calories from your reserve storage tank and burning them to fuel your
training. If you don't do any activities, the body fat just sits there in storage until you need it. If you’re
an average 85kg man with about 18% body fat, you have 15,3 kgs of adipose tissue. There are
about 7700 calories in each kg of body fat, which adds up to a total of 117,810 calories of reserve
energy in storage - enough to last you a long time!


Such a large calorie reserve, combined with the body’s starvation response, explains why you can
stay alive for so long without food (as long as you get water). Fasting has been studied extensively
and there are many documented cases of people living for months without eating any food whatsoever.

Your energy reserves served an important evolutionary purpose thousands of years ago, but
nowadays only very small amounts of body fat are essential for health. In our modern society
where famine is no longer the concern it was for our ancestors, body fat is today like an annoying
cosmetic problem (and a major health risk for some people).

Thanks to tens of thousands of years of evolution, you’ve developed a body that is an incredibly
efficient fat-storing machine. That’s the bad news. The good news is, by understanding calories
and balancing your input with your output, you can easily lose fat and maintain a healthy and attractive
body fat ratio.



The calorie bank analogy


A good analogy is to think your body as a calorie bank and caloric energy as money. You store
calories in your body like you store money in a bank. You can make energy deposits (eating)
and withdrawals (exercising) from your body like you would make money deposits and withdrawals
from the bank, depending on how high your energy costs are (but to the contrary of real banking,
in this case the withdrawals are the preferred option :P).

When your energy costs are the same to the calories you consume, then all the calories you consume
are burned immediately and no deposit or withdrawal of calories takes place - your balance stays
the same. When your energy costs are greater than the number of calories ingested, you will make
an energy “withdrawal” from your calorie bank and your body fat “balance” will decrease.  And
then again if your energy costs are less than the amount of calories you ingest, then you will make
an energy “deposit” and your body fat “balance” will increase (excess calories go into fat storage).




The exception to this rule is when you are on a weight training program to gain muscle mass. In that
case, a small part of the calorie surplus is directed into muscle growth. But even when you’re training
hard, if the calorie surplus is too big, the excess beyond what is needed for muscle growth will go straight into fat storage.


The reason why calories do count!


From these basic explanations, you can now easily recognize the importance of counting calories.
Keeping track of calories is just as important as keeping track of the money traffic on your bank
account. If you fail to pay attention to your finances and you make more withdrawals than deposits,
soon enough you'll find yourself being broke. It's the same with calories, except the reverse is true:
If you don’t keep track of your calorie deposits, you’ll soon find yourself with an overstuffed calorie
account in the form of unwanted body fat!


Despite the importance of watching your calories, many diet programs claim that calories don’t matter
as long as you eat the right “secret mixes” of foods. For example, in 1961, a book called "Calories
Don't Count" was published by Dr. Herman Taller. The program was one of the first to promote high protein, very low carb diets (VLCDs). Others followed, the most popular of which was “Dr. Robert
Atkin's New Diet Revolution.”


The general denominator in most of these VLCDs is the claim that by removing most or all of the carbs,
you can eat an unlimited amounts of protein and fat sourced foods. This is where the phrase “calories
don’t count” came from and that’s why you may hear about this idea little too often.

Unluckily, the concepts of eating unlimited anything or of calories “not counting” are 
dead wrong! According to the “calories-don’t-count” theory, if you eat certain foods, or certain combinations of foods, you can eat as much as you like and you’ll still lose body fat. Of course,
in our lazy and pleasure-seeking society today, this idea sounds wonderful, but it's physiologically
impossible. The reason you lose weight on VLCDs without setting calorie limits or requiring calorie
counting is because they reduce appetite and cravings.


Those diets allow you to eat more fat, which makes you feel full sooner. You also tend to get fewer
cravings because eating fat and protein in the absence of carbohydrates keeps your blood sugar and
insulin levels stabile. The end result is that you automatically eat fewer calories. The weight loss
experienced on these programs in reality comes from a calorie deficit, not from any “magical” effect
of the diet itself.

If you were to follow a Very Low Carb Diet, but you consumed more calories than you burned up
during the day, you would still gain body fat. The often-made claim, “Eat all you want and still lose weight,” is one of the biggest and most common lies told in the weight loss industry!

10 major genetic differences affecting fat loss, fitness, muscle gain and athletic performance

There are 10 major genetic variables that affect your ability to lose body fat, build muscle,
increase strength and reach high levels of athletic potential. Looking into these variables
will give you a better understanding of how nutrition and training can affect each of us
differently.



1. Muscle insertions


The muscles insert onto the same bones in all of us; however, the exact point of insertion is
what varies. Even a little difference in insertion points can create a rather big increases in
mechanical advantage. This partly explains why certain people are naturally stronger than
others (they have better leverage because their muscle insertion points are further from
the origin points.)



2. Number of fat cells


You were born with a predefined number of fat cells. Some people are born with more
than others. The person born with more fat cells has a disadvantage compared to someone
with fewer fat cells. The number of fat cells can increase throughout life but it can't decrease
(except through liposuction, which has many possible dangers). Fortunately for us, what can
change is the size of those fat cells. Even someone with a large number of fat cells can shrink
all of them, thereby still able to be very fit and lean!


3. Digestive capabilities



Some people have a very efficient digestive system capable of greater absorption and utilization
of foods nutrients from the digestive tract. The length of the intestinal tract may also vary by as
much as 4,5 meters or more among the various body types!




4. Limb lengths


Some of us were born with longer legs and longer arms, others with short legs and short arms.
Your limb length may affect the way your body’s symmetry appears and it may also affect your
strength, athletic performance and ability to build muscles. Longer limbs means longer levers,
which can possibly create a mechanical disadvantage when performing some certain exercises.
Some people were blessed with ideal leverage and that’s why they happen to be naturally strong.



5. Basal metabolic rate


Your basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the amount of energy (calories) you burn when resting just
to keep your normal body functions going such as breathing, blood circulation, digestion, thinking,
and such autonomical features. Genetically gifted people are like cars that idle very fast. They burn
off lots of fuel even while sitting still. When they become active, they move fast and burn off fuel at
an enormous rate.



6. Joint circumferences


People can be either large boned, medium boned or small boned. Many people are heard
complaining they are “big-boned,” invoking that as a reason they are overweight. Joint size
affects your body shape, however it has nothing to do with your ability to lose body fat, 
so don't hide behind that as an excuse. A simple test for joint size is to wrap your hand around
your opposite wrist.

If your thumb and middle finger overlap, you are small jointed (usually 15-17,5 cm wrists);
if your thumb and middle finger touch, you are medium jointed (usually 17,5-20 cm wrists); and lastly
if your thumb and middle finger do not touch, you are large jointed (usually 20 cm or more in
wrist circumference).



7. Food allergies and insensitivities


Some people naturally have or acquire food allergies and insensitivities. Lactose intolerance
(an inability to properly digest dairy products) is a known example. Over the years, people
naturally tend to eat certain foods while shying away from others. Some people become
vegetarians while others become carnivores just because of the way each food or diet makes
them feel.



8. Muscle fiber type


Within each person’s predetermined number of muscle fibers, we also have different
types of muscle fibers. Some fibers are suited to endurance sports (red or slow-twitch
fibers) while others are suited for power, strength, and explosive sports (white or fast
twitch fibers). The differences in each person’s ratio of muscle fibers may be the reason
why some people are better endurance athletes while others naturally make the grade at
strength or power sports.



9. Number of muscle fibers


Like fat cells, you were also born with a predefined number of muscle fibers. The process of
breaking down existing muscle fibers into new fibers, hyperplasia, has been hypothesized but
never conclusively proven in humans. If you were born with a large number of muscle fibers,
you will have a greater potential for developing muscle size than someone with fewer fibers.



10. Insulin response and sensitivity to carbohydrates


Some of us are more sensitive to carbohydrates than others. Your level of sensitivity to carbohydrates
will have a direct effect on your ability to lose fat, and it’s one of the most important factors in deciding
the correct nutritional program for you. If you're a carb sensitive individual, and you do not adjust your nutrition properly, you may have a difficult time getting lean.

That means your blood sugar rises quickly with the consumption of even small amounts of carbs.
And this in turn causes the release of large amounts of insulin. High concentrations of insulin in the bloodstream are lipogenic and anti-lipolytic.

Which means that when excessive insulin is present, you stop releasing fat from the adipose cells
and you go into “fat storage mode.” This explains why one person can eat a diet high in bread,
pasta, potatoes and other carbohydrates and lose body fat easily, while another person will gain
body fat and feel terrible on the same diet.


In conclusion, let me share with you the words of former UCLA Bruins basketball coach
John Wooden. Here's what he said,
“The good Lord in his infinite wisdom, did not create us all equal when it comes to size, strength, appearance, or various aptitudes. But success is not being better than someone else, success is
the peace of mind that is a direct result of self-satisfaction in knowing that you gave your best effort
to become the best of which you are capable.”

Don’t try to become better than someone else; become better than you used to be.
Instead of focusing on comparisons, focus on progress and self-improvement. Do the
absolute best you can with what you’ve got and you’ll be able to look at the face in the
mirror everyday and with the pride and self-esteem of a true winner!

How to interpret the progress you are making

In the progress chart you should have the following columns;
Date, fat percentage, total weight, lean body mass and fat weight. If you're using skinfold
testing also as one way of feedback, you should include the results of that as well. Measure
yourself every week so you can concretely see the results you are producing.

The following part lists every possible result you may encounter and the actions you should
take when each occurs.


Lean mass stays the same and body fat decreases


Awesome! Your nutrition and training program is working as planned and you’re on
your way to reaching your goals. Don’t change anything. Keep up the good work!


Lean mass remains same and body fat remains same


Nothing is happening; you’re at a standstill and you have to make some adjustments to get
yourself rolling again. First you might want to increase your cardio activity level. You could
increase the number of days per week you exercise as well as the time spent on each training
session. If you still don’t lose body fat within the next week, then you can reduce your calories
systematically by 100-200 calories at a time, as long as you do not drop below your maximum
allowable (20-30% deficit of maintenance level) calorie deficit.

You can your nutrient ratios the same unless you’ve been stuck for more than 2 weeks. If you’ve
been stuck even more than two weeks, you might want to experiment with a moderate or low
carbohydrate approach on nutrition or zig-zag carbohydrate cycling.


Lean mass stays the same and body fat increases


You’re in a calorie surplus. You’re eating more calories than what you’re burning and that's why
you body is storing it as fat. Firstly, increase the frequency and duration of cardiovascular exercises.
Then recheck your body fat after one week. If it has not decreased, reduce your caloric intake by
100-200 calories at a time, again making sure you do not drop below your maximum allowable
calorie deficit. Keep your nutrient ratios the same.


Lean mass decreases and body fat decreases


Good, you are losing body fat which, but you're also losing some lean mass, which is not preferred.
A small loss in lean muscle mass (a few tenths of a kilo) is nothing to worry about. If this is the first
time you’ve lost LBM, no need to panic because some of that weight is water weight. But if this is a
recurring pattern and you’ve been losing muscle mass every week for more than two weeks straight,
you’re losing muscle tissue. You need to eat more, at least temporarily. Increase your caloric intake
by 100-200 calories to boost your metabolism, while continuing with your current training program.
Keep your nutrient ratios the same.


Lean mass decreases and body fat stays the same or increases


This is the worst case scenario. When you lose lean body mass and your body fat does not decrease
at all, this usually means your metabolism has slowed down (starvation mode) and you are using up
muscle for energy; you are not in fat burning mode. This often occurs when you are skipping meals.
Losing lean mass means that you need to eat more to keep your metabolism running! Don’t be afraid
to eat, and keep up your meal frequency to five or six times per day.

Remember that it’s always better to burn the fat off rather than starve it off. Keep your calories as
high as possible while using training to burn off the fat. Severely restricting your calories under 
the recommended levels will always result in a loss of muscle mass. Increase your caloric
intake by 100-200 calories and maintain or slightly increase the amount of cardio you are doing.
Make sure you’re consistent with your weight training as well.


Lean mass increases and body fat decreases


This is very unlikely to occur, except for genetically gifted individuals (the pure mesomorph) and
sometimes for those who have highly efficient metabolisms. If it does happen, that's marvellous!
You are leaner and more muscular! Don’t change anything. Keep up the good work, you’re on
your way to reaching your goals!


Lean mass increases and body fat stays the same


Good job, you’ve gained muscle without gaining any fat! This is the most wanted outcome for a
muscle-gaining program. But if you also want to reduce your body fat percentage, you’ll need a
greater calorie deficit, which is accomplished by increasing your cardio while remaining at your
current caloric intake.


Lean mass increases and body fat increases


You gained muscle, which again is good, but you also gained fat, which is not so good. You are in
a big calorie surplus. Some bodybuilders do this in their off season – it’s called “bulking up,” If you
want to stay lean and avoid the bulked up look, you need to increase the amount of cardio training
you are doing. You should also make sure you’re being strict enough with your nutrition plan. Keep
your foods “clean” and free of high fat or high sugar junk foods. Recheck your body fat in one week.
If you still continue to gain fat, then you need to lower your caloric intake.


Conclusion: Let your results dictate your approach.


It's always suggested to let your results dictate your strategy. If you can eat bagels and pasta
all day long and get fitter, that’s great - keep eating them. If you can eat 70% of your calories
from carbohydrates and 20% from protein and you get leaner and fitter - great, keep eating all
those carbohydrates.

If you can eat heavy meals late at night and you still get leaner great - keep doing it. If you can get
lean with just diet and almost no cardio at all – fine, that works for you, don’t do any cardio.
The results you produce every week are the only true measure of whether you’re making the right
choices or not. If you’re getting fit while breaking every rule in the book, then there’s no reason to
change. The ends justify the means, provided of course, that everything you’re doing is good for
your health.


Most important rule of all, once you discover an approach that works for you, DON’T
FIX IT IF IT’S NOT BROKEN! Don’t get locked into a single unbending approach like
so many diet programs prescribe. You are a unique individual and no single program can
possibly work for everyone of us. If you find something that works for you, I’d suggest
you disregard the comments of other people who disagree with what you’re doing and
that you judge your success only by your weekly progress.

By following this system, taking continuous action, getting constant feedback, being flexible,
having an open mind and being willing to experiment and vary your approach, you will, through
an evolutionary learning process, figure out your body type and develop your own personal
formula very quickly. Once you’ve discovered your personal formula by using body composition measurement, performance feedback and progress charting, it will always be there for you for the
rest of your life whenever you want to go back to it!

10 exercise and nutrition ways to keep your fat loss going!

 The most important thing to remember if you have a no-progress week is that
continuing to do the same thing for another week is probably not going to work! If what
you’re doing is not working, you need to try other things!

The changes can be in nutrition or exercising or both. The more options you keep at your
disposal, the better your chances of success. The only way to learn your options is to study 
and follow all the nutrition and work out information in this blog. Here’s your checklist of
the training and nutrition variables you can adjust each week depending on your weekly results.


1) Eating less


Calorie cutting works when you’re already at a medium to high calorie level or if
you’re eating too much because you underestimated the amount of calories you
need. If your calories are already at pretty low level, then further cutting of calories
will have a negative effect on your metabolism. Ultimately, the “eat less” approach always
backfires if taken to too extreme levels. In any event, cutting calories beyond maintenance
metabolic level ALWAYS decreases metabolism.

The degree of metabolic slowdown occurs in direct proportion to the size of the drop relative
to basal metabolic rate. Some people may disagree, but I believe the first adjustment should
almost always be to increase activity before decreasing calories. The conventional (lazy) approach
to dieting says that if you’re not losing body fat, then you simply need to decrease your calories.

But, it’s much better to burn the fat than to starve the fat. Think about it: Decreasing calories
causes a reduction in metabolism. Cardio always causes an increase in metabolic rate + at the
same time it burns calories. Eating more also causes an increase in metabolic rate.

So why not eat more AND do more cardio for a two-fold increase in metabolic rate?
I suppose it's because people have the misunderstanding that the two will cancel each other out
- they don't – eating more clean and nutritional food and doing more cardio enhance each other.


2) Manipulate the macronutrients of your diet


Although the conventional high carbohydrate approach (50-55% carbohydrates, 30% protein
and 15-20% fat) is effective often times for most people, a drop in carbs with a corresponding
increase in protein (and/or fats) can also help break a plateau. Decreasing carbs and increasing
protein gives you metabolic and hormonal advantages over a high carbohydrate diet.
I will discuss all of these macronutrients in my later, still to come posts.


3) Improve your food choices.


It’s usually not a good idea to “force yourself” to eat anything you don't like, but
sometimes you have to make some compromises to reach your goals. Food is one of
life's greatest pleasures and total deprivation of what you enjoy is not smart. However,
when it comes to shifting body composition, you have to make most of your decisions based
not on taste and pleasure, but on the results you want to achieve.

Luckily, there is a middle ground between taste and results. Unfortunately, if the middle
ground food isn’t getting you the results you want, then you have to upgrade your choices to
better foods.

Nutritional quality traverses a spectrum - it runs in classes. Food choices aren’t
plain black or white. There are shades of gray in between. When you want to
improve your results or break a plateau, one thing you can do is to make better
food choices. The way you do this is to eat fewer foods that are processed, and
eat more foods that are in their raw and natural state.

Let's take an example: an apple is obviously "A" list. An apple gets the highest grade
possible because it’s in its raw, natural state. Next down the rung you have
unsweetened applesauce. It consists of nothing but raw apples and water, but it’s
been pureed, so it’s not in its most natural state anymore and is therefore relegated
to a "B" (still a good "grade," mind you). Turn it into apple juice and you're down
to a "C" (still a passing grade). Then if you add sugar (sweetened applesauce or
apple drink), now you're down to a "D". Finally, if the apples eventually become
an apple pie, now you're down to an "F".

Your task is simple: look for places in your diet where you can improve your
grade. Then improve it. If you have straight A’s already, then you’ll have to use
other strategies on this list.


4) Manipulate meal timing and frequency


This is one f the most important factors, when you want to get the most out of your
genetic potential! Small, frequent meals have also an amazing effect on your metabolic rate.
All else being equal, having five or six small meals will always produce better results than
two, three or four meals. If you’re currently eating only 3x a day, increase it to four.
If you’re eating four, increase it to five. Women should optimally aim for five meals,
men for six.

If you’re already eating five or six meals per day, it is unlikely that adding more meals
will help substantially, but you could experiment with as many as seven. Going beyond six
or seven is not recommended because you’ll probably only be awake 16-18 hours per day.

Because it takes about two to three hours to digest a meal, compacting your
schedule to eat more than six to seven times a day doesn’t make sense because
you’ll be piling more food on top of the last meal’s undigested contents.
In the future, I will dedicate entire posts considering this matter, so be sure not 
to miss them!

5) Increase duration of your aerobic training


Increasing the duration of your cardio workouts is always one of the first
strategies you will employ. In the minimum you should be doing 30 minutes of
aerobic exercise per session when your goal is fat loss (unless you’re a total
beginner, then you may need to slowly build up to 30 minutes).

If this amount doesn’t start producing results, you can increase it incrementally by five
to ten minutes at a time until you reach a maximum of 60 minutes per session. Beyond 60
minutes will easily produce decreased rate of return for the time spent. At this point, you
should increase the intensity or frequency of your training.

Remember to measure the results of each increase on a weekly basis until you find the level
where you start to drop body fat at the best rate. For most people, 40-45 minutes per
session gives optimal results. Only the most genetically gifted individuals can lose fat
effectively even with doing only 20 minute cardio workouts.


6) Increase frequency of your aerobic training


If you’re already doing good long aerobic workouts, continuing to increase your
duration beyond 45-60 minutes may be counterproductive and quite exhausting
physically. At this point, one thing to try is to increase your training frequency. It's
good to always start with a minimum of three days per week of aerobic exercise.
To break a plateau or increase the rate of losing fat, add one day per week until
you reach six or seven days per week.

Some believe that aerobics seven days per week is too overkill. When maintained
for months on end, this is probably very true. But as a method of breaking through a plateau,
a short period ranging from one to twelve weeks of daily cardio can work wonders for getting
you fit. Most bodybuilders and fitness competitors do cardio seven days a week for 3 months
before to competition. After the competition they return to the normal level of 3-4 times a week


7) Increase your intensity of aerobic training


Let's assume you’re already doing cardio six to seven days a week for 45 to 60
minutes, then what? At this point, you still have options. You can now simply push
yourself even harder to burn more calories in the same amount of time. You can only
increase intensity up to a certain point, of course. For most people, when you get up
around 85% of your estimated maximal heart rate (about 150-170 beats per minute,
depending on age and other factors), you approach the anaerobic threshold.

At this point, if you pushed any harder, you would start to lose your breath and
you would have to slow down your speed or stop in order to recover the oxygen debt
you created. If you’re working out at around 70% of your estimated maximal heart rate,
then you have plenty of room to increase. If you’re already at 85%, then you still have
yet another strategy at your disposal.


8) Vary the type of aerobic training you're doing


If there’s one mode of exercise that you know is working for you, then by all means
stay with it and change other variables to break out of your dead end, but if you have no
preference, then try to change your exercise. Your body has an incredible ability to adapt
to anything you make it do. That’s why constant variation is an effective way to break
a plateau.

For example, if you’ve been walking, change the type of exercise to cycling, skating, or
stationary bicycle. This one change alone is often the catalyst to reaching a new
low in body fat percentage! Remember though, if you’re getting good results with a certain
type of exercise, you don't have to change it for the sake of variation. Don’t fix it if it’s
not broken.


9) Incorporate HIIT into your cardio program.


Okay, so you’re doing daily cardio for 45 –60 minutes at the top of your target
heart zone. NOW WHAT? First, go back and look at the "goal setting" posts 
I have made (again, this one is the most important factor in achieving your new 
healthy lifestyle and staying fit!!) Then, you could take a look at your diet again.
When you’re doing daily cardio for a long duration and not getting results, 99% of the
time it’s a nutrition problem. However, if your nutrition is firmly in place, don’t
worry, there are STILL MORE exercise options available!

One of them is high intensity interval training (HIIT). Interval training is the practice
of doing short bursts, then resting for a short period. The length of the intervals is usually
one minute and can range from thirty seconds and two minutes. Interval
training lets you to push past your normal heart zone (into the 85-100% zone)
for a short period, thereby burning an enormous amount of calories, relatively
speaking.

Then you reduce your intensity just long enough to catch your breath, and repeat for the
duration of the workout. Using this kind of high-low method, you can get a very high calorie
burn in a fairly short period of time. Even 20 minutes of intervals can burn a very high number
of calories. Another benefit of interval training is that it increases your metabolic rate dramatically
so you continue to burn even more calories during the whole day after the workout!. The higher
the intensity, the greater the post-exercise “afterburn” effect.


10) Double cardio.


Cardio twice a day? I have to admit, twice a day cardio is an extreme way that the average
person might simply not have the time for. Doing cardio twice a day is in no way a necessity.
It’s simply another tool you can use for short periods of time to break a plateau or to get extra lean.
Many fitness competitors use double cardio for six to eight weeks before competitions.
So it's a proven approach for those struggling to get that extra kick and get rid of that last pound of
extra body fat

One of the benefits of double cardio is an incredible boost to your metabolic system and an
enormous amounts of calories burned. If interval training is employed, your metabolism starts
racing far beyond its normal rate. Reserve this strategy as a last resort or for peaking if you are
at the competitive level. Never stay on double cardio for a prolonged period because aerobic
adaptation occurs easily this way. This is a peaking or plateau breaking strategy.


And those are the 10 ways to help you break the fat loss plateau or to help you get rid of the last ounce of extra fat you have. If you're not getting good results, remember to try these all, I'm 100% positive they will certainly work! Keep at it!